Yesterday Noel lamented the privation of evidence in some persons
responses. Some examples were referred, and I authored one of them.
Today Ron Mills seconded Noel’s assertion, so I for one will confer
some evidence for my answer about Krugerrands. I will supply
anecdotal evidence only because scientific evidence would take more
time than I have to confirm. Perhaps I will refrain from responding
in the future if only scientific evidence is desired.
As was stated in other posts, the Krugerrand is not 24kt gold, but,
22kt. Some people make the assumption that the mint starts with pure
gold, it doesn’t. The one ounce pure gold in a Krugerrand is derived
through assay, and the gold source can vary with one or several
impurities such as, but no limited to, lead, tin, zinc and cadmium,
all in unspecified amounts. The copper that is added also can be
assumed to be pure, it is not. I don’t believe the mint ever stated
anything beyond industrial grade copper was used (my knowledge is
about 22 years arrears) and it is not pure as well. If anyone were
to go to their local supplier and purchase copper sheet, it would not
be pure even though it was sold as such. Pure copper is very
difficult to handle because of its high electrical and thermal
conductivity and affinity for oxygen. Copper will not only absorb
oxygen from the air, but, from liquids, gels, and oils were the
oxygen would other wise be stable. Industrial copper is alloyed at
the ore processing out stage with two percent of one of several
different alloys, depending on it’s destination. So at this point
Krugerrands have impurities from two sources.
I do not know from personal experience the efficacy of Krugerrands
in the casting process, however, in fabrication the use of
Krugerrands as 22kt or alloyed to both 14kt and 18kt, I have
extensive experience. The alloys are able to be rolled, but, with a
slightly smaller pinch than you would normally use (pinch is the
amount of reduction between passes) and one less pass before
annealing. One dressing pass should be used after the last annealing.
If the fabrication uses forming and/or substantial soldering, surface
cracks will cover the entire piece. These cracks are very small and
narrow, and appear in a pattern similar to dried mud. The cracks are
easily polished away with tripoli, but, the roots remain and part
failure is eventual. In my experience the part failure was a few
years down the road.
I attempted to mitigate the cracking process by adjusting my ingots
to reduce the amount of rolling needed to get to the usable
dimensions I needed. There was less or no surface cracking, but, the
metal lacked strength for forming, and broke in the fabricating
stage. I attempted to push the rolling process hoping to produce
enough heat (I have a 6" x 3 1/2", 2hp Cavalin production rolling
mill) to improve the results. The ingot fractured severely. I have
also worked with miniature gold ingots of the non-certified type you
can get overseas (from the US as POO) mostly Hong Kong and India.
While having less problems than Krugerrands, I found them difficult
to use for any moderate to severe forming. By moderate to severe I
mean that in my shop we do spinning, drawing, deep drawing, radical
deep drawing, stamping, swaging and coining. The only coin I find
except-able for alloying, in fact preferred to the mill, is the
Canadian Maple Leaf. The Maple leafs are formed from gold that is
extracted by ectro-chemical stripping, precipitated, melted, and then
elctro-deposited on to titanium. After being physically stripped from
the titanium it is vacuum melted and formed into sheets. The scrap
after punching is not re-melted, but, goes back to the front of the
process to begin again. It is guaranteed to 99.999% pure, it is in
fact 99.9999%, but, I believe the mint is afraid to extend that
guarantee.
Dan
Daniel Culver